SodaStream International Ltd.
SodaStream makes home machines that carbonate tap water. Its main plant stood inside the Ma'ale Adumim settlement in the occupied West Bank from 1997 until it closed in 2015, when production moved to Lehavim in the Naqab and around 470 Palestinians lost their jobs. PepsiCo has owned the company since December 2018, and the Palestinian-led boycott movement still calls for a boycott of the brand, now on the ground of the Naqab plant and the treatment of Palestinian workers.
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Apply pressure where it matters. Use these tools and personalise your message with evidence from this page.
- Contact Corporate LeadershipSodaStream is Israeli-headquartered, so the templates address the shops that stock it. The retailers listed under key clients are the buyers to write to
- Report New IntelligenceThe biggest gaps are current working conditions at the Lehavim plant, which has not been independently reported since 2016, and which chains still stock the brand
- Share This ProfileThe 2015 factory move is the point most often got wrong in both directions; share the accurate version
- View Strategic AnalysisWhat changed in 2015, what did not, and where the leverage sits now
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Material Risk Framing
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SodaStream manufactured in Mishor Adumim, inside the Ma'ale Adumim settlement in the occupied West Bank, from 1997 until 2015, and told the US securities regulator it had closed a facility in "a disputed territory sometimes referred to as the 'West Bank'". On 19 July 2024 the International Court of Justice held Israel's continued presence in the occupied Palestinian territory unlawful and settlements contrary to international law. The live exposure now runs through PepsiCo's own human rights reporting rather than through the plant.
The BDS National Committee lists SodaStream among its short set of consumer boycott targets, on the stated grounds of the displacement of Bedouin Palestinian citizens in the Naqab and a long history of discrimination against Palestinian workers. Oxfam accepted Scarlett Johansson's resignation as a global ambassador in January 2014, saying that businesses operating in settlements "further the ongoing poverty and denial of rights" of Palestinian communities. Both facts are quotable back at the company indefinitely.
PepsiCo wrote USD 862 million off SodaStream in 2023, and attributed the deterioration to conditions including "the ongoing conflict in the Middle East". Its annual report for 2025 states that the SodaStream unit's estimated fair value "narrowly exceeded its carrying value", and warns that further impairment could follow if sales and operating profit miss forecast. A brand that thin has little room to absorb lost retail listings.
SodaStream's own filings record that a single facility, Lehavim, houses the majority of its production, and that a disruption there would have a material adverse effect. Its Israeli subsidiary holds tax benefits and government grants under the Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, which the company says it must keep meeting conditions for or repay. Customers reach it through retail chains, so a delisting removes both the machine and the cylinder exchange.
Product Alternatives
Ethical replacements tagged by what matters to you: cost, quality, ethics, sustainability, or local sourcing. Make the switch today.
Home Carbonation Systems
Machines that carbonate tap water at home, from manufacturers other than SodaStream
Check the gas cylinder before you buy
The machine is the cheap part; the CO2 is the ongoing cost. SodaStream sells its gas in more than one fitting and refills it through a retailer exchange scheme rather than selling it outright, so cylinders do not always move between brands. Confirm with the maker which cylinder a new machine takes, and where you can exchange or refill it locally, before you switch.
Swedish stainless steel carbonation machines, manually operated with no electronics or batteries.
Founded in Stockholm. Uses screw-in CO2 cylinders; check the fitting against the cylinders you already hold.
Carbonation system that will carbonate juice, tea, wine and cold coffee as well as water, which most machines will not.
Made by i-Drink Products Inc., based in Michigan. Sold with its own cylinders and compatible with several cylinder brands.
Compact carbonation machine from the Dutch electronics manufacturer, sold alongside its water filtration range.
Availability varies sharply by country; check the Philips site for your region before ordering.
Carbonation machine that makes its own CO2 from sachets of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate, so there is no cylinder to exchange at all.
The trade-off is running cost: sachets are bought per batch rather than a cylinder per few hundred litres.
Comparison Legend
Strategic Analysis
In-depth assessment of the company's position, vulnerabilities, and recommended approaches for effective engagement.
Lower severity, high vulnerability — momentum builders that fold quickly
Severity
5.0/10
(5 + 5) ÷ 2 = 5.0
Strategic Vulnerability
9.0/10
(9 + 9) ÷ 2 = 9.0
Learn about our methodology — companies are categorised based on severity (harm potential) vs strategic vulnerability (campaign leverage).
Why do these scores change?
Unlike static boycott lists, our targeting model is dynamic. This company's position on the matrix is re-evaluated continually as we verify new contracts, divestments, or policy changes. Your reporting directly impacts this score.
SodaStream makes the machines that turn tap water into fizzy water at home. For eighteen years its main plant stood in Mishor Adumim, an industrial zone inside the Ma'ale Adumim settlement in the occupied West Bank. It closed that plant in 2015 and moved production to Lehavim in the Naqab, and around 470 Palestinians lost their jobs in the move. The Palestinian-led boycott movement still calls for a boycott of the brand, now on the ground of the Naqab plant and the company's treatment of Palestinian workers. PepsiCo has owned it outright since December 2018 and has written USD 862 million off its value. Nothing binds a shopper or a shop to it.
Key Leverage Points
- Ask the buyer at the shop, not the brand. SodaStream reaches customers through large retail chains, which decide what to stock. They have dropped it before: Macy's in the United States and John Lewis in the United Kingdom stopped stocking it and the Brighton shop closed, the boycott movement's co-founder Omar Barghouti told Al Jazeera in 2015.
- You do not have to prove the settlement history. The company filed it. SodaStream told the United States securities regulator, in its own annual report, that in 2015 it closed a facility in "a disputed territory sometimes referred to as the 'West Bank'". That is the company's account of where it manufactured for eighteen years (sources).
- Ask what the ground under the new plant was. Thabet Abu Rass directs the Negev office of Adalah, a Palestinian legal centre in Israel. He told Al Jazeera in 2015 that Israel confiscated the land the Lehavim industrial park stands on from Bedouin owners in the 1950s. Around it, he said, 70,000 Bedouin citizens live in 34 villages the state refuses to recognise. Put his account, by name, to any retailer that tells you the company left the settlements and the matter is closed.
- PepsiCo has already put a number on the damage. It wrote USD 862 million off SodaStream in 2023 and said the deterioration reflected conditions including "the ongoing conflict in the Middle East". Its 2025 report says the unit's value "narrowly exceeded its carrying value" and warns of more. Ask investor relations what further impairment would take.
- Switching costs one machine, but check the gas first. Aarke, Drinkmate and Philips all make carbonation machines. The catch is the cylinder: SodaStream sells its CO2 in more than one fitting and refills it through a retailer exchange, so confirm what a new machine takes before you buy (alternatives).
Documented Impact
SodaStream manufactured in Mishor Adumim, inside the Ma'ale Adumim settlement in the occupied West Bank, from 1997 until 2015. Its own annual report for that year records that it closed the facility and moved most production to Lehavim in southern Israel. Who Profits, an Israeli research centre that documents corporate involvement in the occupation, visited Mishor Adumim on 1 December 2015 and found the plant stripped, partly dismantled and shut.
Al Jazeera reported on 25 September 2015 that the plant had closed the previous week and that 470 Palestinians had lost their jobs. Israel issued 130 work permits for the new site, of which 37 workers met security conditions that exclude single people and anyone aged 22 or younger. Tahsin Hanadi, 38, said she left home at 4.30am and got back at 8.30pm, through an Israeli checkpoint. The Times of Israel reported in February 2016 that the last 75 Palestinian workers had been laid off. Who Profits had already recorded 60 dismissals at Mishor Adumim in July 2014, after workers complained of insufficient food to break the Ramadan fast.
The Lehavim plant is now PepsiCo property, listed as an owned manufacturing facility in PepsiCo's 2025 annual report. It stands in the Idan HaNegev industrial park beside Rahat. Thabet Abu Rass of Adalah told Al Jazeera that Israel confiscated that land from Bedouin owners in the 1950s, and that the state treats the 34 villages around it as unrecognised. Who Profits recorded that in September 2014 Bedouin women at the plant complained of 12-hour shifts. This is the ground the boycott movement now gives for listing the company.
Engagement Strategy
Three audiences, and a different ask for each.
- Retailers and their buying teams. Ask them to stop stocking the machines, the cylinders and the refills. This is the fastest route, it has worked before, and a buyer can act without any inquiry of their own.
- PepsiCo, and anyone holding its shares. Ask what the company's human rights due diligence says about the Naqab site, and whether it intends to keep the business. Its own filings show the brand written down once and close to a second write-down.
- Anyone who already owns a machine. The cylinder exchange is the recurring purchase, so stopping it is the part that registers. Tell the shop why you have stopped, in writing.
Evidence & Sources
Verified sources including NGO reports, regulatory filings, and primary documents. Use these to substantiate your correspondence. Entries marked First-hand were reported directly to this site and are published without identifying the source.
The Palestinian-led movement's current consumer boycott list, which names SodaStream among a short set of brands selected for what it calls each company's proven record of complicity. The grounds it gives for SodaStream are not the settlement factory: it states that the company "is actively complicit in Israel's policy of displacing the indigenous Bedouin-Palestinian citizens of present-day Israel in the Naqab (Negev) and has a long history of racial discrimination against Palestinian workers". Page content as served on 10 August 2026.
Open sourceA separate and much broader list from the consumer boycott page, aimed at governments, councils, funds, universities and unions rather than shoppers. Under Israeli corporations it names, among others, "SodaStream (owned by PepsiCo)". SodaStream therefore appears on both of the movement's lists, which matters because the correct ask differs: a shopper is asked to boycott, an institution to exclude and divest. Page content as served on 10 August 2026.
Open sourceEstablishes the current position from the owner's own filing. SodaStream is listed among PepsiCo's headline brands and sits in the International Beverages Franchise segment, which "manufactures and distributes SodaStream sparkling water makers and related products". The properties table lists a manufacturing plant at Lehavim, Israel, owned, among PepsiCo's significant facilities. The filing states that as of 27 December 2025 "the estimated fair value of the SodaStream reporting unit narrowly exceeded its carrying value" and that, given the low coverage, there could be further impairment. It also restates the 2023 charge of USD 862 million against SodaStream and attributes the deterioration to conditions "including higher interest rates, inflationary costs, and the ongoing conflict in the Middle East".
Open sourcePepsiCo's own list of subsidiaries records SodaStream International Ltd., SodaStream Industries Ltd., SodaStream Israel Ltd. and Soda-Club CO2 Ltd. as incorporated in Israel, alongside SodaStream operating companies in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, New Zealand, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland and the Netherlands. This is the document that establishes the corporate structure a purchaser is buying from.
Open sourceThe Court held that Israel's continued presence in the occupied Palestinian territory is unlawful and must end as rapidly as possible, that its settlement policy and the associated exploitation of natural resources are contrary to international law, and that all States are under an obligation not to render aid or assistance in maintaining the situation.
Open sourceThe filing in which the write-down first appears. PepsiCo recorded pre-tax impairment charges of USD 0.6 billion for brands and USD 0.3 billion for goodwill, primarily related to the SodaStream brand and reporting unit in its International Beverages Franchise segment: USD 862 million in total against SodaStream. It attributes the deterioration in the inputs used to value the assets to macroeconomic conditions "including higher interest rates, inflationary costs, and the ongoing conflict in the Middle East", and to recent business performance.
Open sourceRecords the acquisition in PepsiCo's own accounts. On 5 December 2018 PepsiCo acquired all of the outstanding shares of SodaStream for USD 144.00 per share in cash, in a transaction valued at approximately USD 3.3 billion, or USD 3.2 billion net of cash acquired. PepsiCo incurred USD 75 million of merger and integration charges in 2018. SodaStream's total assets and net revenue represented approximately 5% and 1% respectively of PepsiCo's consolidated totals for that year.
Open sourceReports the completion of the USD 3.2 billion purchase announced in August 2018, and the delisting of SodaStream from the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange and Nasdaq, with removal from the TA-35 and TA-125 indices. It states that PepsiCo committed to keeping SodaStream's Israeli headquarters for 15 years. PepsiCo chief executive Ramon Laguarta says the deal gives PepsiCo "a significant presence in the at-home marketplace"; SodaStream chief executive Daniel Birnbaum says PepsiCo will help the company deliver and expand on its mission.
Open sourceThe last annual report SodaStream filed as a listed company, and the last public disclosure of its workforce. It records 2,592 employees, of whom 1,875 were based in Israel, and approximately 656 temporary employees, most of them at the manufacturing facilities. It confirms that most production is at the Lehavim facility and that flavours are manufactured at a leased site in Ashkelon. It states that one of its Israeli subsidiaries is eligible for tax benefits under the Israeli Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, and that it has received and been approved to receive grants under Israeli government programmes which it may have to refund if conditions are not met.
Open sourceThe company's own account of the move, filed with the US Securities and Exchange Commission. It states that in 2015 most manufacturing operations were moved to the new Lehavim facility in southern Israel, and that as part of the ramp-up SodaStream closed its facilities in Mishor Adumim, "which is located in a disputed territory sometimes referred to as the 'West Bank'", and in Alon Tavor. It records that a single facility now houses the majority of production, and a risk factor stating that activists have increased efforts to make companies and consumers boycott Israeli goods, which "may adversely impact our ability to sell our products".
Open sourceAn opinion piece by the paper's founding editor, hostile to the boycott, which nonetheless supplies the workforce figures. It records that the Mishor Adumim plant employed 1,300 people, of whom 350 were Israeli Jews, 450 were Palestinian citizens of Israel and 500 were West Bank Palestinians, and that pay and benefits were reported as identical for comparable jobs. It states that SodaStream closed the plant the previous October and has now laid off the last 75 Palestinian workers, having failed to secure Israeli permits for them to work at the new factory near Rahat.
Open sourceWho Profits, an Israeli research centre that documents corporate involvement in the occupation, conducted a field visit to the Mishor Adumim plant on 1 December 2015. It reports the reduced headcount, the absence of goods and the partial dismantling of the factory, concludes that the plant has ceased to operate, and states that SodaStream will consequently be removed from the Who Profits database. It records a 25-million-shekel Israeli government grant towards the new plant under the Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments; that in July 2014 SodaStream dismissed 60 Palestinian workers at Mishor Adumim who complained of receiving insufficient food to break the Ramadan fast, citing Haaretz; and that in September 2014 Bedouin women at the new Naqab plant complained of 12-hour shifts in conditions similar to Mishor Adumim. It notes that only 37 of the 130 Palestinian staff met Israeli security requirements for the new site.
Open sourceReports from the new plant in the week the West Bank factory closed, with 470 Palestinians losing their jobs. Israel granted 130 work permits for the new site, but only 37 of the West Bank staff met security requirements that exclude single people and those aged 22 and younger; those 37 travel up to four hours a day. Tahsin Hanadi, 38, describes leaving home at 4.30am and returning at 8.30pm through an Israeli checkpoint; Taqsim Mohsin, 27, travels three and a half hours a day from Abu Dis and works 12 hours. Thabet Abu Rass, director of the Negev office of Adalah, the Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel, states that the land the industrial park was built on was confiscated from Bedouin by Israel in the 1950s, and that 70,000 Bedouin citizens live in 34 villages the state treats as unrecognised. Atiyeh al-A'sam, head of the regional council for those villages, and the lawyer Atwa al-Hag Abou Anzeh both criticise the industrial zone. Omar Barghouti, co-founder of the BDS movement, states that Macy's in the US and John Lewis in the UK stopped stocking the product, that the Brighton shop closed, and that Soros Fund Management sold its stake. Chief executive Daniel Birnbaum says the government contributed USD 20 million of the plant's USD 90 million cost, and that the West Bank plant was "a legitimate factory".
Open sourceThe Palestinian-led movement's statement on the closure announcement, describing it as a victory for the boycott campaign and noting that the company denied boycott pressure had driven the decision.
Open sourceOxfam's own statement. It accepts Johansson's decision to step down after eight years as a global ambassador, states that her role promoting SodaStream "is incompatible with her role as an Oxfam Global Ambassador", and says Oxfam believes that businesses such as SodaStream "that operate in settlements further the ongoing poverty and denial of rights of the Palestinian communities that we work to support". Oxfam states that it opposes all trade from Israeli settlements, which are illegal under international law.
Open sourceAn earlier Who Profits report using SodaStream as a case study of industrial production in Israeli settlements, covering tax incentives and subsidies available to settlement plants and the labelling of settlement-produced goods.
Open sourceUpdates & Milestones
- PepsiCo lists Lehavim among its significant plants
PepsiCo's annual report for 2025 lists a manufacturing plant at Lehavim, Israel, owned, among its significant properties. It states that the SodaStream unit's estimated fair value 'narrowly exceeded its carrying value' at 27 December 2025 and warns that further impairment could follow.
- The International Court of Justice rules on the settlements
The Court holds that Israel's continued presence in the occupied Palestinian territory is unlawful, that its settlement policy is contrary to international law, and that all States must not render aid or assistance in maintaining the situation.
- PepsiCo writes USD 862 million off the brand
PepsiCo records pre-tax impairment charges of USD 0.6 billion against the SodaStream brand and USD 0.3 billion against goodwill, and attributes the deterioration to conditions including higher interest rates, inflationary costs and 'the ongoing conflict in the Middle East'.
- PepsiCo buys the company outright
On 5 December 2018 PepsiCo acquires all outstanding SodaStream shares at USD 144.00 each, valuing the company at about USD 3.3 billion. SodaStream is delisted from the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange and Nasdaq. PepsiCo commits to keeping the Israeli headquarters for 15 years.
- The company files its own account of the closure
SodaStream's annual report to the US Securities and Exchange Commission for 2015 records that it closed its Mishor Adumim facility, 'which is located in a disputed territory sometimes referred to as the "West Bank"', and that most production has moved to Lehavim.
- The last 75 Palestinian workers are laid off
The Times of Israel reports that SodaStream has laid off the last 75 Palestinian workers from the former West Bank plant, having failed to secure Israeli permits for them to work at the new factory near Rahat.
- Who Profits verifies the withdrawal on site
Who Profits visits Mishor Adumim on 1 December 2015 and reports the plant stripped of goods, partly dismantled and no longer operating, concluding that SodaStream has completed its withdrawal from the West Bank.
- The plant closes and 470 Palestinians lose their jobs
The Mishor Adumim plant closes and production moves to the new Lehavim facility in the Idan HaNegev industrial park beside Rahat in the Naqab. Al Jazeera reports that 470 Palestinians lose their jobs, that Israel granted 130 work permits for the new site and that only 37 of the West Bank staff met security requirements excluding single people and those aged 22 and younger. Chief executive Daniel Birnbaum tells reporters the government contributed USD 20 million of the plant's USD 90 million cost.
- Closure of the settlement factory announced
SodaStream announces it will close the West Bank plant, citing the need for a larger facility. The BDS movement describes the announcement as a victory for the boycott campaign; the company denies that boycott pressure drove the decision.
- Sixty Palestinian workers dismissed over Ramadan food
SodaStream dismisses 60 Palestinian workers at the Mishor Adumim plant who complained of receiving insufficient food to break the Ramadan fast, as recorded by Who Profits citing Haaretz. Who Profits also records the dismissal of 17 Palestinian workers in April 2008 who protested at conditions and low pay, who were rehired after intervention by the labour rights organisation Kav LaOved.
- Oxfam accepts Scarlett Johansson's resignation
Oxfam accepts the resignation of Scarlett Johansson as a global ambassador after she becomes SodaStream's spokesperson, stating that businesses which operate in settlements 'further the ongoing poverty and denial of rights of the Palestinian communities that we work to support'.
- Manufacturing begins in a West Bank settlement
SodaStream establishes its main manufacturing facility in the Mishor Adumim industrial zone, inside the Ma'ale Adumim settlement in the occupied West Bank. It manufactures there for eighteen years.